34. 使用Spring Boot搭建你的第一个应用程序
Spring Boot是Spring平台的约定式的应用框架,使用Spring Boot可以更加方便简洁的开发基于Spring的应用程序,本篇文章通过一个实际的例子,来一步一步的演示如何创建一个基本的Spring Boot程序。
依赖配置
本例子使用Maven来做包的依赖管理,在pom.xml文件中我们需要添加Spring boot依赖:
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.2.2.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
同时我们要构建一个web应用程序,所以需要添加web依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
OOM框架,我们使用spring自带的jpa,数据库使用内存数据库H2:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
main程序配置
接下来我们需要创建一个应用程序的主类:
@SpringBootApplication
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
}
}
这里我们使用了注解: @SpringBootApplication。 它等同于三个注解:@Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, 和 @ComponentScan同时使用。
最后,我们需要在resources目录中添加属性文件:application.properties。 在其中我们定义程序启动的端口:
MVC配置
spring MVC可以配合很多模板语言使用,这里我们使用Thymeleaf。
首先需要添加依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
</dependency>
然后在application.properties中添加如下配置:
spring.thymeleaf.cache=false
spring.thymeleaf.enabled=true
spring.thymeleaf.prefix=classpath:/templates/
spring.thymeleaf.suffix=.html
spring.application.name=Bootstrap Spring Boot
然后创建一个home页面:
<html>
<head><title>Home Page</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Hello !</h1>
<p>Welcome to <span th:text="${appName}">Our App</span></p>
</body>
</html>
最后创建一个Controller指向这个页面:
@Controller
public class SimpleController {
@Value("${spring.application.name}")
String appName;
@GetMapping("/")
public String homePage(Model model) {
model.addAttribute("appName", appName);
return "home";
}
}
安全配置
本例主要是搭一个基本完整的框架,所以必须的安全访问控制也是需要的。我们使用Spring Security来做安全控制,加入依赖如下:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>
当spring-boot-starter-security加入依赖之后,应用程序所有的入库会被默认加入权限控制,在本例中,我们还用不到这些权限控制,所以需要自定义SecurityConfig,放行所有的请求:
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
@Override
protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
http.authorizeRequests()
.anyRequest()
.permitAll()
.and().csrf().disable();
}
}
上例中,我们permit all请求。
后面我又会详细的关于Spring Security的教程。这里先不做深入讨论。
存储
本例中,我们定义一个Book类,那么需要定义相应的Entity类:
@Entity
public class Book {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
private long id;
@Column(nullable = false, unique = true)
private String title;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String author;
}
和相应的Repository类:
public interface BookRepository extends CrudRepository<Book, Long> {
List<Book> findByTitle(String title);
}
最后,我们需要让应用程序发现我们配置的存储类,如下:
@EnableJpaRepositories("com.flydean.learn.repository")
@EntityScan("com.flydean.learn.entity")
@SpringBootApplication
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
}
}
这里,我们使用@EnableJpaRepositories 来扫描repository类。
使用@EntityScan来扫描JPA entity类。
为了方便起见,我们使用内存数据库H2. 一旦H2在依赖包里面,Spring boot会自动检测到,并使用它。 我们需要配置一些H2的属性:
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.h2.Driver
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:bootapp;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1
spring.datasource.username=sa
spring.datasource.password=
和安全一样,存储也是一个非常重要和复杂的课题,我们也会在后面的文章中讨论。
Web 页面和Controller
有了Book entity, 我们需要为Book写一个Controller,主要做增删改查的操作,如下所示:
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/books")
public class BookController {
@Autowired
private BookRepository bookRepository;
@GetMapping
public Iterable findAll() {
return bookRepository.findAll();
}
@GetMapping("/title/{bookTitle}")
public List findByTitle(@PathVariable String bookTitle) {
return bookRepository.findByTitle(bookTitle);
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public Book findOne(@PathVariable Long id) {
return bookRepository.findById(id)
.orElseThrow(BookNotFoundException::new);
}
@PostMapping
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
public Book create(@RequestBody Book book) {
return bookRepository.save(book);
}
@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public void delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
bookRepository.findById(id)
.orElseThrow(BookNotFoundException::new);
bookRepository.deleteById(id);
}
@PutMapping("/{id}")
public Book updateBook(@RequestBody Book book, @PathVariable Long id) {
if (book.getId() != id) {
throw new BookIdMismatchException("ID mismatch!");
}
bookRepository.findById(id)
.orElseThrow(BookNotFoundException::new);
return bookRepository.save(book);
}
}
这里我们使用@RestController 注解,表示这个Controller是一个API,不涉及到页面的跳转。
@RestController是@Controller 和 @ResponseBody 的集合。
异常处理
基本上我们的程序已经完成了,但是在Controller中,我们定义了一些自定义的异常:
public class BookNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
public BookNotFoundException(String message, Throwable cause) {
super(message, cause);
}
// ...
}
那么怎么处理这些异常呢?我们可以使用@ControllerAdvice来拦截这些异常:
@ControllerAdvice
public class RestExceptionHandler extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler({ BookNotFoundException.class })
protected ResponseEntity<Object> handleNotFound(
Exception ex, WebRequest request) {
return handleExceptionInternal(ex, "Book not found",
new HttpHeaders(), HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, request);
}
@ExceptionHandler({ BookIdMismatchException.class,
ConstraintViolationException.class,
DataIntegrityViolationException.class })
public ResponseEntity<Object> handleBadRequest(
Exception ex, WebRequest request) {
return handleExceptionInternal(ex, ex.getLocalizedMessage(),
new HttpHeaders(), HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, request);
}
}
这种异常捕获也叫做全局异常捕获。
测试
我们的Book API已经写好了,接下来我们需要写一个测试程序来测试一下。
这里我们使用@SpringBootTest :
@Slf4j
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT)
public class SpringContextTest {
@Test
public void contextLoads() {
log.info("contextLoads");
}
}
webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT的作用是表示测试时候使用的Spring boot应用程序端口使用自定义在application.properties中的端口。
接下来我们使用RestAssured来测试BookController:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT)
public class SpringBootBootstrapTest {
private static final String API_ROOT
= "http://localhost:8081/api/books";
private Book createRandomBook() {
Book book = new Book();
book.setTitle(randomAlphabetic(10));
book.setAuthor(randomAlphabetic(15));
return book;
}
private String createBookAsUri(Book book) {
Response response = RestAssured.given()
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
.body(book)
.post(API_ROOT);
return API_ROOT + "/" + response.jsonPath().get("id");
}
@Test
public void whenGetAllBooks_thenOK() {
Response response = RestAssured.get(API_ROOT);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK.value(), response.getStatusCode());
}
@Test
public void whenGetBooksByTitle_thenOK() {
Book book = createRandomBook();
createBookAsUri(book);
Response response = RestAssured.get(
API_ROOT + "/title/" + book.getTitle());
assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK.value(), response.getStatusCode());
assertTrue(response.as(List.class)
.size() > 0);
}
@Test
public void whenGetCreatedBookById_thenOK() {
Book book = createRandomBook();
String location = createBookAsUri(book);
Response response = RestAssured.get(location);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK.value(), response.getStatusCode());
assertEquals(book.getTitle(), response.jsonPath()
.get("title"));
}
@Test
public void whenGetNotExistBookById_thenNotFound() {
Response response = RestAssured.get(API_ROOT + "/" + randomNumeric(4));
assertEquals(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value(), response.getStatusCode());
}
@Test
public void whenCreateNewBook_thenCreated() {
Book book = createRandomBook();
Response response = RestAssured.given()
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
.body(book)
.post(API_ROOT);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.CREATED.value(), response.getStatusCode());
}
@Test
public void whenInvalidBook_thenError() {
Book book = createRandomBook();
book.setAuthor(null);
Response response = RestAssured.given()
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
.body(book)
.post(API_ROOT);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(), response.getStatusCode());
}
@Test
public void whenUpdateCreatedBook_thenUpdated() {
Book book = createRandomBook();
String location = createBookAsUri(book);
book.setId(Long.parseLong(location.split("api/books/")[1]));
book.setAuthor("newAuthor");
Response response = RestAssured.given()
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
.body(book)
.put(location);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK.value(), response.getStatusCode());
response = RestAssured.get(location);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK.value(), response.getStatusCode());
assertEquals("newAuthor", response.jsonPath()
.get("author"));
}
@Test
public void whenDeleteCreatedBook_thenOk() {
Book book = createRandomBook();
String location = createBookAsUri(book);
Response response = RestAssured.delete(location);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK.value(), response.getStatusCode());
response = RestAssured.get(location);
assertEquals(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value(), response.getStatusCode());
}
}
写好了测试类,运行就行了。
结论
你的第一个Spring Boot程序就完成了,后面的文章我们会继续丰富和改善这个基本框架,欢迎继续关注。
本文章的例子代码可以参考github: bootstrap-sample-app